Khalil Gibran Muhammad is an assistant professor of American History at Indiana University. Following the completion of his Ph.D. from Rutgers University, he spent two years as a Mellon Fellow at the Vera Institute of Justice, a criminal justice think tank in New York City. He is the author of The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America, published by Harvard University Press. He appears monthly on local radio and writes for theDefendersonline.com, a blog of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, and speaks regularly about the history of race relations and its ongoing challenges to student groups, community organizations, professional societies, and policy researchers.